Diabetic Eye Disease includes diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular edema, cataracts, and a unique type of glaucoma called neovascular glaucoma. The most common type of diabetic eye disease is diabetic retinopathy and the names are sometimes used interchangeably. In diabetic retinopathy, uncontrolled blood glucose levels lead to changes in the blood vessels of the retina. The blood vessels develop microaneurysms , or little outpouchings, that leak fluid and blood. The tissue of the retina is deprived of oxygen and release a molecule called vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The molecular stimulates the growth of new, abnormal blood vessels in the retina that continues to create problems that can ultimately result in vision loss or blindness. 

 

Who is at risk for Diabetic Eye Disease?

Anyone with diabetes, type 1 or type 2, is at risk for developing diabetic retinopathy. This is the leading cause of blindness for American adults. The longer one has diabetes, the more likely it is that diabetic retinopathy will develop. 

About 40-45% of those with diabetes will have some degree of diabetic retinopathy detected on exam. You will not be able to determine if you diabetic retinopathy from symptoms alone, as the early stages of diabetic retinopathy  has no symptoms. There is no pain and the vision may remain unaffected. Over time, this will change as the diabetic retinopathy worsens. This disease typically affects both eyes. 

 Pregnant women with diabetes should have a complete, dilated eye examination early in the pregnancy. Some women may develop gestational diabetes which is a type of diabetes which presents mainly while pregnant. Pregnant women may need to have additional exams with an ophthalmologist during the pregnancy.